Product Costing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Item Costing - Essay Example Be that as it may, with the idea of the board bookkeeping framework, John has chosen to put in a superior and sound administrative bookkeeping framework. The proposed arrangements appear to be valuable for John and Mary Farmers and other agrarian ventures. Its essential point is to accumulate better and tremendous data for administrative purposes and such data will be utilized in the long haul also. As, John and Mary Farmers are progressively sharp in knowing the distinctions in the expense of creation among ranches and the benefit contrast between varying wares delivered throughout the years. To address this issue, the administrative bookkeeping framework will have its regarded expenses and benefit focuses. This technique is all the more generally known as â€Å"responsibility accounting†. Each help community is given its help cost focuses. Those help cost focuses are partitioned into exercises and locales. These expenses are further re-dispensed to creation cost focuses. The advertising habitats are worried about the expense of showcasing related with the items. Further on, benefit focuses are presented, these benefit communi ties represent the two expenses and income, the key execution proportion of any benefit place is in this manner benefit. This proposed costing framework appears to be an item costing framework or an Activity Based Costing System. The advantage of having such frameworks is that each designated focus (either benefit or cost) is liable for its negative or positive changes. This framework would demonstrate advantageous for practically all farming organizations, with rural items having shorter life cycles and increasingly complex creation forms, this proposed framework perceives the intricacy with its different cost drivers. Other than this, as the rural part being a progressively serious segment, this proposed framework encourages a superior comprehension of the driver of overhead expenses. With all these positive inputs

Essay#2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

#2 - Essay Example Lapham in this article have been effective portraying the flighty and conflicting philosophies of ideological group. ( Thesis) The creator has been exceptionally innovative in setting out his discussions on a law based gathering which was surrendering their purported liberalistic demeanor. The creator has been directly in reprimanding the dissidents for their fading development. They didn't satisfy their optimal worth however waivered when individuals requested their help. The article has given many itemized political occasions which give a solid legitimacy to the contentions expressed by the writer. The creator was indicating the dread of individuals who were anticipating a rush of wrongdoing and an ascent of brutality. The whole exercises of dissidents during the center of 2oth century has made the article a reality based article. According to (Graham,2008 ) â€Å" The American fixation on self and self-promotionâ€Lapham had a field day when Francis Fukuyama pronounced â€Å"the end of history†Ã¢â‚¬is one reason Lapham says he’s not progressively well known in the opinion piece segments o r the television show circuit†. The article is a brief look at the passing of the fair estimations of a gathering on which a country had extraordinary expectations. The creator has written down how a very much regarded ideological group with class and worth minimized in materialistic draw. The best piece of the article is that the peruser can feel the thoughtful change of a political gathering which used to be a beam of expectation. The back and forth movement of popular government, human vision, social urgency, racial strain all can be found in the perusing. The force machine has exploited the ideological group and the creator sets up that the conservative was not the correct way. According to ( Kimball,2004) â€Å"Mr. Lapham subtended the rubric â€Å"a brief history† to the title of his 7500-word jeremiad; â€Å"a urgent fantasy† would have been more accurate†. The creator has a point to make here which is the hesitance to keep trust on parties that is the either wing

Designing Intervention free essay sample

An association advancement intercession is an arrangement of exercises, activities, and occasions expected to enable an association to improve its exhibition and adequacy. Intercession structure, or activity arranging, gets from cautious conclusion and is intended to determine explicit issues and to improve specific territories of hierarchical working distinguished in the determination. OD mediations shift from normalized programs that have been created and utilized in numerous associations to moderately one of a kind projects custom fitted to a particular association or division. What are viable mediations? The term mediation alludes to a lot of sequenced arranged activities or occasions expected to enable an association to expand its adequacy. Intercessions intentionally upset the state of affairs; they are purposeful endeavors to change an association or subunit toward an alternate and progressively successful state. In OD, three significant rules characterize a viable intercession: (1) the degree to which it fits the requirements of the association; (2) how much it depends on causal information on expected results; and (3) the degree to which it moves change-the board fitness to association individuals. The main model concerns the degree to which the intercession is pertinent to the association and its individuals. Compelling mediations depend on substantial data about the organization’s working; they give association individuals chances to settle on free and educated decisions; and they gain members’ inner responsibility to those decisions. Substantial data is the aftereffect of an exact conclusion of the organization’s working. It must reflect reasonably what association individuals see and feel about their essential concerns and issues. Free and educated decision proposes that individuals are effectively engaged with settling on choices about the progressions that will influence them. It implies that they can decide not to take an interest and that mediations won't be forced on them. Interior duty implies that association individuals acknowledge responsibility for intercession and assume liability for executing it. On the off chance that mediations are to bring about important changes, the executives, staff, and other applicable individuals must be focused on doing them. The second model of a powerful mediation includes information on results. Since intercessions are planned to deliver explicit outcomes, they should be founded on legitimate information that those results really can be created. In any case there is no logical reason for planning a compelling OD mediation. Sadly, and rather than other applied teaches, for example, medication and designing, information on mediation impacts is in a simple phase of improvement in OD. A significant part of the assessment examine needs adequate meticulousness to make solid causal deductions about the achievement or disappointment of progress programs. Also, scarcely any endeavors have been made to inspect the similar impacts of various OD procedures. These elements make it hard to tell whether one strategy is more successful than another. In spite of these issues, more endeavors are being made to survey deliberately the qualities and shortcomings of OD mediations and to think about the effect of various procedures on association adequacy. The third measure of a viable intercession includes the degree to which it improves the organization’s ability to oversee change. The qualities hidden OD propose that association individuals ought to be better ready to complete arranged change exercises on their own after a mediation. They should pick up information and aptitude in overseeing change from dynamic cooperation in structuring and executing the mediation. Ability in change the board is basic in today’s condition, where mechanical, social, financial, dry political changes are quick and tireless. Instructions to plan powerful intercessions: Designing OD mediations requires giving cautious consideration to the necessities and elements of the change circumstance and creating a change program that will be steady with the recently portrayed rules of successful intercessions. Current information on OD intercessions gives just broad solutions to change. There is sparse exact data or research about how to plan mediations or how they can be relied upon to associate with authoritative conditions to accomplish explicit outcomes. In addition, on the grounds that the capacity to actualize most OD intercessions is exceptionally reliant on the aptitudes and information on the change operator, the plan of a mediation will depend somewhat on the ability of the professional. Two significant arrangements of possibilities that can influence mediation achievement have been talked about in the OD writing: those having to do with the change circumstance (counting the expert) and those identified with the objective of progress. The two sorts of possibilities should be considered in structuring mediations. Possibilities Related to the Change Situation: Analysts have recognized various possibilities present in the change circumstance that can influence intercession achievement. These incorporate individual contrasts among association individuals (for instance, requirements for self-rule), hierarchical elements (for instance, the executives style and specialized vulnerability), and measurements of the change procedure itself (for instance, level of top-administration support). Except if these variables are considered in structuring a mediation, it will have little effect on hierarchical working or, more regrettable, it might deliver negative outcomes. For instance, to determine inspirational issues among industrial specialists in a petroleum processing plant it is critical to know whether mediations expected to improve inspiration (for instance, work advancement) will prevail with the sorts of individuals who work there. Much of the time, information on these possibilities brings about altering or modifying the change program to fit the setting. In applying a prize framework mediation to an association, the progressions may must be adjusted relying upon whether the firm needs to strengthen individual or group execution. In spite of the fact that information on possibilities is still at a simple phase of improvement in OD, scientists have found a few situational factors that can influence intercession achievement. Progressively nonexclusive possibilities that apply to all OD intercessions are introduced beneath. They incorporate the accompanying situational factors that must be considered in structuring any mediation: the organization’s availability for change, its change capacity, its social setting, and the change agent’s aptitudes and capacities. Availability for Change: Mediation achievement relies vigorously upon the association being prepared for arranged change. Markers of preparation for change incorporate affectability to pressures for change, disappointment with the norm, accessibility of assets to help change, and responsibility of noteworthy administration time. At the point when such conditions are available, mediations can be intended to address the authoritative issues revealed during determination. At the point when availability for change is low, be that as it may, intercessions need to concentrate first on expanding the organization’s ability to change. Ability to Change: Overseeing arranged change requires specific information and aptitudes, including the capacity to inspire change, to lead change, to create political help, to deal with the progress, and to support force. In the event that association individuals don't have these abilities, at that point a primer preparing mediation might be required before individuals can connect definitively in intercession plan. Social Context: The national culture inside which the association is implanted can apply an amazing impact on members’ responses to change, so mediation configuration must record for the social qualities and suspicions held by association individuals. Mediations may must be adjusted to fit the neighborhood culture, especially when OD rehearses created in one culture are applied to associations in another culture. For instance, a group building intercession intended for top supervisors at an American firm may should be changed when applied to the company’s outside auxiliaries. Abilities of the Change Agent: Many disappointments in OD result when change operators apply mediations past their skill. In structuring intercessions, OD specialists ought to survey their experience and ability against the necessities expected to actualize the mediation viably. At the point when a jumble is found, experts can investigate whether the mediation can be altered to accommodate their abilities better, regardless of whether another intercession increasingly fit to their aptitudes can fulfill the organization’s needs, or whether they should enroll the help of another change specialist who can manage the procedure all the more successfully. The moral rules under which OD specialists work requires complete honesty of the pertinence of their insight and skill to the customer circumstance. Experts are required to mediate inside their abilities or to prescribe somebody increasingly fit to the client’s needs. Possibilities Related to the Target of Change: OD mediations try to change explicit highlights or parts of associations. These objectives of progress are the principle focal point of mediations, and scientists have distinguished two key possibilities identified with change focuses on that can influence intercession achievement: the hierarchical issues that the mediation is planned to determine and the degree of authoritative framework at which the intercession is relied upon to have an essential effect. Authoritative Issues: Organizations need to deliver certain issues to work viably. Figure 9. 1 records these issues alongside the OD intercessions that are proposed to determine them. It shows the accompanying four interrelated issues that are key focuses of OD mediations: 1. Vital issues. Associations ne

How to Write a Theology Paper

How to Write a Theology Paper? Writing theology paper demands not only the subject knowledge, but also analytical abilities and specific writing skills. To write the theology paper in effective way you need to listen carefully to your supervisor or professor. Possibly, they will offer some key words, assisting to disclose the main idea of the paper. Theology paper expects special academic formatting with citations and references organized in proper way. You can ask yourself subsidiary questions like: Why? When? How? Answers to these questions will assist you in finding an entry point into the theme of the paper and making your work exclusive, interesting and different from other papers, dedicated to the same topic. You need to outline the paper giving the structure to your ideas and thoughts. When the direction is clarified, it will become easy to develop the idea, arguing the key points. The first your statement is thesis statement, that should sound like declaration. After thesis you bring list of points examining the problem, according to the questions set in the beginning. Then you need to revise the material and to search for interrelated concepts to develop the correlation between different subjects. Each paragraph should be dedicated to some separate thought or specific argument. All paragraphs together must support the entire argument and the key point of the work. Finally, you reread the paper, getting sure that you’ve included all the needed arguments and they are in correct order. Check that content of your work is correlated with the title, and your thesis is fully supported by arguments. By the way, you can consider starting the paper with some famous quotation – rather often it is the perfect way of launching the paper. You can reread the paper several times, removing unnecessary words and reducing the length of sentences. Plain language is always more effective.

Life of Lam Ang - 2228 Words

Life of Lam-ang (Biag ni Lam-Ang)- Anatomy of an Ilocano Epic Life of Lam-ang (Biag ni Lam-Ang)- Anatomy of an Ilocano Epic Dr Abe V. Rotor Living with Nature School on Blog Paaralang Bayan sa Himpapawid with Ms Melly C TenorioDZRB 738 AM, 8 to 9 Evening Class, Monday to Friday Lesson: Epic. What epic is popular in your place, country? How do you compare it with Lam-ang, or say, the Iliad or the Odessey? The theme of the epic revolves around the bravery and courage of the main character portrayed by Lam-ang, who was gifted with speech as early as his day of birth, who embarked on a series of adventures which culminated in his heroic death and subsequent resurrection. This series of adventures started with his search for his lost†¦show more content†¦There were fireworks, musical band, and display of attractive items like the glasses, the mirror, the slippers, clothes and nice food. After the wedding, Lam-ang’s party plus his wife and her town mates went back to their town of Nalbuan, where festivities were resumed. The guests expressed a desire to taste a delicacy made of rarang fish. Lam-ang was obliged to go to the sea and catch the fish. Before going, however, his rooster warned that something unpleasant was bound to happen. This warning proved true, as Lam-ang was swallowed by a big bercacan, or shark-like fish. Cannoyan mourned and for a while she thought there was no way to retrieve her lost husband. But the rooster indicated that if only all the bones could be gathered back, Lam-ang could be brought to life again. She then enlisted the aid of a certain diver named Marcus, who was ready to come to her aid to look for the bones. When all Lam-ang’s bones were gathered, the rooster crowed and the bones moved. The dog barked, and Lam-ang arose and was finally resurrected. Cannoyan embraced him. For his deep appreciation for the help of his pets - the cock and the dog - and of Marcus the diver, he promised that each other would get his or its due reward. And they lived happily ever after. This synopsis is based on the transcription made by Jose Llanes from a recitation by memory of the poem by an old farmer, one Francisco Magana, from Bangui Ilocos Norte, sometime inShow MoreRelatedPhil Literature 1- Region 12042 Words   |  9 Pagesblind since childhood, authored the popular epic known asBiag ni Lam-ang  (Life of Lam-ang) written in the 17th century. Some Iloko writers credit  Pedro Bucaneg, who collaborated with Lopez in the translation of the Doctrina into Iloko, for having been the first known Ilokano poet, and as the Father of Ilokano Poetry and Literature. Bucaneg, blind since childhood, authored the popular epic known asBiag ni Lam-ang  (Life of Lam-ang) written in the 17th century. * Leona Florentino, a poet fromRead Morephilippine literature1582 Words   |  7 Pageswriting, it cannot bepreserved in durable  materials. î€  They started writing on clays, barks of trees and other naturalresources available in the Pre Colonial Period. ORAL LORE  From Precolonial Times (--1564) Proverb Ang kata-katayak sukat makapaghati   --- ng dagat. Short Poem Ang tubig may malalim malilirip kung libdin itong budhing magaling maliwag paghanapin. Tiny drops of water --- continuously draining, enough to dry up the --- sea.   No matter how deep the   --- stream, its depth can beRead MoreDahlia Case Study4289 Words   |  18 PagesOVERVIEW 1. Time Context The problem has to be solved by the year 1985. 2. Viewpoint Mr. Chua Boon Kang and Mr. Leong Sim Lam 3. Major Policy Statement Dahlia Furniture Private Limited is a local furniture industry, which supplies usually kitchen cabinets, wall units, bedrooms set and dining set. It also has metal and wood furniture sets. 4. Background of the Case a. The Company Dahlia Furniture made its entrance into the furniture industry in 1972 as subcontractors to two large furniture concernsRead MoreDahlia Case Study4304 Words   |  18 PagesOVERVIEW 1. Time Context The problem has to be solved by the year 1985. 2. Viewpoint Mr. Chua Boon Kang and Mr. Leong Sim Lam 3. Major Policy Statement Dahlia Furniture Private Limited is a local furniture industry, which supplies usually kitchen cabinets, wall units, bedrooms set and dining set. It also has metal and wood furniture sets. 4. Background of the Case a. The Company Dahlia Furniture made its entrance into the furniture industry in 1972 as subcontractors to two largeRead MoreExploring Phuket 886 Words   |  4 PagesFEATURE Go for a walk around Phuket. Phuket is well known as a Pearl of Andaman because of its beautiful beach and many tourist places such as Patong Beach, Kata Beach, Karon Beach and Lam Promathep. Actually there are additional factors such as its culture, architect, historic and much more that is enough to make this city became a paradise. City of Tin. In the past, Phuket was the resource of tin exported to many countries in Ayutthaya. The tin industry was the most prosperous reign ofRead MoreRiddles of Aeta1463 Words   |  6 Pageswasted, even the bran. (said when everything ventured is lost) No anià ¡ ti imà ºlam, isà º ti apà ­tem.   Whatever you sow, you reap. Ti ubing nga matungpal amin a kayatna, awan ti nasayaat a banagna.   A child that is given everything will rarely succeed in life. Awan lalaki nga natured wenno nabaneg no ti babai ti sanguanan agsainnek. No man is brave in the presence of a crying woman. Sabali nga ili, sabali nga ugali.   Different towns have different customs. http://rubyanncamagay.blogspot.com/2011/10/ilocano-riddlesRead MorePhilippine Literature1933 Words   |  8 Pagesthe United States, Western forms such as the novel, short story, essay, and full-length play were introduced. However, resistance to colonization also produced a tradition of radical literature. Philippine literary texts have been records of everyday life, historical documents, receptacles of values, and either participants in the colonial discourses of the colonizers, or testaments to freedom and sovereignty. Precolonial Literature (1564) Among the literary forms during the precolonial period wereRead MorePhili Literature3111 Words   |  13 Pagesefforts to live, to be happy n his environment and, after struggles, to reach his Creator.† I. PROSE There are many types of prose. These include the following: a. Novels. A long narrative divided into chapters and events are taken from true-to-life stories. Example: WITHOUT SEEING THE DAWN by Stevan Javellana b. Short story. This is a narrative involving one or more characters, one plot and one single impression. Example: THE LAUGHTER OF MY FATHER by Carlos Bulosan c. Plays. This isRead MorePhillipine Literary Periods3839 Words   |  16 PagesTigmo – Cebu Paktakon – Ilonggo Patotdon - Bicol b. Proverbs (salawikain) – wise sayings that contain a metaphor used to teach as a food for thought c. Tanaga - a mono-riming heptasyllabic quatrain expressing insights and lessons on life is more emotionally charged than the terse proverb and thus has affinities with the folk lyric. 2. Folk Songs It is a form of folk lyric which expresses the hopes and aspirations, the peoples lifestyles as well as their loves. TheseRead MoreResearch for Music Industry and Illegal Downloading3269 Words   |  14 Pagesdownloading phenomenon a sign of protest, or simply an attitude of ‘why should I pay when I can have it for free’? I chose to look at this area because it is a particular field of interest and may consider a career in the music industry later in my life. I also have experience of seeing young bands being affected by illegal downloading and the relative ease with which internet users can access a vast amount of songs. So with this in mind I thought this would be a topic which I could research with

Elton Mayo on Modern Business free essay sample

George Elton Mayo’s groundbreaking 1930’s Hawthorne Experiment has been widely recognised as a revolutionary sociological study which laid the foundations for many of today’s modern management methods and concepts (Sarachek 1968; Smith 1998; Kennedy 1998; O’Connor 1999). The Hawthorne Experiment was conducted with the original intent to study the effect of a workplaces physical factors on productivity (The British Library 2013) and the main conclusions reached by Sonnenfeld (1985) which challenges prior hypothesis of work behaviour are as follows: (1) Individual work behavior results from a complex host of factors. It is seldom determined by simple interaction. (2) Employees developed a set of informal work norms which regulates individual needs with that of the work environment. (3) Status pegged to the job position is carried down to that of social structures in informal settings. (4) Management need to gather personal feedback to better understand and accommodate individual needs and satisfaction. (5) Being aware of employees opinions and participation would help facilitate their resistance to change. The above conclusions of Mayo’s findings have been instrumental in shaping industrial organisational psychology and present day businesses (Guion 1975). However, despite much praise of intellectual brilliance of the experiment by the wider community (Kimball 1946; Friedmann 1955), as with all famous research, it is not without its critics. Critics of the Hawthorne Experinment Though many researchers acknowledge the significance of Mayos research, not all embraced it entirely due to fundamental differences in assumptions and perspective with regards to the nature of capitalism. Sociologist Bell (1947a) criticised Mayo for being a â€Å"cow sociologist† implying Mayos pro-managerial stance and his negligence of the role of trade unions in modern work society. Mayos call for management to be solely responsible for work plans was deemed anti-union (Bendix Fisher 1949). Do strong, independent unions complement Human Resource Management (HRM) initiatives? Or do they cause overreliance and lax work behaviour? The evidence from various large corporations such as Shell, Eldorado Resources substantiate the former, that unions are compatible and even crucial to a corporations success (Wells 1993). The establishment of competent trade unions is thus beneficial in securing employees welfare, overcoming market failure, increasing productivity (Wever 1997) and therefore should not be disregarded. Another criticism by Lynd (1937) raises Mayo for being a fascist and a capitalists. Bell (1947b) supports the latter claim when he describes that Mayo was only concerned with â€Å"adjusting man to machine† which goes against the interest of employees. No denying, capitalism is extremely productive. However, its cons are more than worthy for concern. Capitalism fundamentally supports inequality, labour exploitation, is anti-democratic and is environmentally unsustainable (Naidu 2006). The Hawthorne Experiment it seems condoned the usage of manipulative techniques with the intention of limiting and controlling the workers in the name of production (Grodzins 1951; Koivisto 1953). The arguments made by the various sociologists against Mayos research are compelling as they cover the flaws and explore the limitations of the experiment. However, consideration have to be given on how Mayos research is translated to actual HRM practices as most critics only focus their criticisms on academic conclusions (Landsberger 1958). Types of Businesses in Singapore Singapore, one of four Asian Tigers, including Hong Kong, South Korea and Taiwan, have had characteristically strong economic growth due the its open, free and diverse economy (Barro 1998). Fig. 1: Singapores Nominal GDP 2012 Source: Singapore Department of Statistics (29 July 2013) http://www. singstat. gov. sg/statistics/visualising_data/Singapore-Economy. pdf (retrieved September 2, 2013) As per Fig. 1, Singapores key industry clusters consists of mainly of manufacturing, trade, business and financial services and transportation and storage. Different HRM policies and techniques are employed to various business industries to cater to their specific needs and job structure. Fig. 2: Occupational Distribution Of Employed Residents By Industry, June 2012 Source: Ministry of Manpower Singapore http://www. mom. gov. sg/Documents/statistics-publications/manpower-supply/report-labour-2012/mrsd_2012LabourForce. pdf (retrieved September 2, 2013) Three cases of Singapores businesses would be explored. They are SMRT Corporation (SMRT) for the Transportation sector, Bee Cheng Hiang for the Food and Beverage (FB) sector and United Overseas Bank Limited (UOB) for the financial service sector. These companies were selected in variation of their nominal GDP contributions as shown in Fig. 1, and also the majority level of job skill pegged to each industry as shown in Fig. 2, for a wider perspective of application from Mayo and his detractors. Singapore Business: SMRT Corporation (Transportation) SMRT Corporation (SMRT) is a Singapore public transport operator, operating bus, train, cab and other transport services. 46. 4% of the workforce in the transportation and storage sector as shown in Fig. 2, consist of Production and Transport operators and Cleaners and Labourers, which are deemed low skilled work (MoMa 2012). Singapores public transport system though having often been dubbed world class is not without areas for improvement, such as in HRM. Even with strikes criminalised in Singapore (AGC 2011) and the bus operators being part of the National Transport Workers Union, on 26 November 2012, SMRT bus operators from China went on an illegal strike citing unhappiness due to the inequality in wages compared to Malaysian and Singaporean bus operators and also for poor living conditions in their dormitories (ST 2012). This shows that workers dissatisfaction at work should not be undermined and it exposes flaws in unions feedback system. Mayos findings on appreciating individual needs and feedback through communication are applicable in this case. Chinese nationals are culturally different from Singaporeans and there is a language barrier between them. English, unlike for Singaporeans, is not their first language, so they may not be able to effectively communicate their thoughts comfortably to the union. As such, a Chinese national who is effectively bilingual with Chinese and English could be promoted to higher ranks within the union to better voice and represent the China Chinese community within SMRT as with other bus operators of different nationalities. Therefore, a businesss feedback system is essential to its success. Specific consideration should be given to each worker not only through the manager, but also from upper management for the manager most suited to the workers. Singapore Business: Bee Cheng Hiang (FB) Bee Cheng Hiang is well established over South-East Asia as an Asian food snack company with their main source of revenue coming from the sales of Asian style barbequed pork known as Bakkwa (Bee Cheng Hiang 2013). In the FB sector, as seen earlier in Fig. 2, the majority of workers are in sales and services. This is applicable to Bee Cheng Hiang too as the bulk of their workers are found tending to the physical shops, servicing customers and preparing the barbequed pork. Many of them are temporary workers who are paid at an hourly rate for long hours. Unlike many established companies, Bee Cheng Hiang lacks a union, leaving the workers unrepresented and unable to collectively voice opinions, drawing parallel to Bendix Fisher (1949) describing how Mayos findings completely disregarded the importance of unions in a workplace. Thus, Bee Cheng Hiang should set up a union as it would help secure workers welfare and increase productivity (Wever 1997). With a union in, Bee Cheng Hiangs workers would not be vulnerable to exploitation, such as working over their stipulated work hours without any overtime pay of fear of losing their jobs. Strikes though criminalised in Singapore (AGC 2011), can be further prevented with a union in place. Another advantage of having a union is to assist in gathering constructive feedbacks in line with the companys goals. This may lead to development of new food products, thereby increasing sales as workers with long working hours may have gained specialised knowledge with respect to their customers taste and preferences and innovative methods of Bakkwa preparation. Sonnenfeld (1985) reached five conclusions, one of which, (4), explains how management can motivate workers through unique attention paid to the individual workers needs without the need of monetary reward. As most of Bee Cheng Hiangs workers are paid on a hourly rate, it is essential for supervisors to learn from Mayo. Shop supervisors engaging workers in such ways, from a capitalist point of view would raise employees job satisfaction in turn leading to higher work value and productivity without any additional cost to the company. However, sociologists Lynd (1937) and Bell (1947b) oppose to such work practices which is seen as unethical as it manipulates human emotions for commercial gain. Such practices should not be standard company policy. Rather soft skills for shop supervisors acquired through supplementary training with focus on raising workers job satisfaction with increased productivity as an additional but not a necessary benefit. Singapore Business: UOB (Financial Services) Financial and insurance services occupy 11. 9% of Singapores nominal GDP in 2012, from Fig. 1. UOB is one such banking organisation of which majority of employees consist of highly skilled individuals, 77. 2% in the overall financial and insurance service sector as per Fig. 2. The characteristics of big banks like UOB are that of financial might, multimarket network, and diversified operations (Pilloff 1999). Profit driven banks at times achieve their goals at the expense of their employees. Without a trade union, like in Bee Cheng Hiang, UOB financial service executives are left susceptible to an increased overtime, SBR (2013) states 8 in 10 finance workers routinely does so. And unlike Bee Cheng Hiang mid-skilled workers, they are without compensation as managers and executives are not covered fully by The Employment Act (MoMb 2012). This issue of UOBs and other banks capitalistic nature disregarding welfare is potentially dangerous especially in the case of work fatigue which deteriorates psychological and physiological health (Sluiter et al. 2003). A drastic example of ungoverned welfare by theguardian (2013) reports a Merrill Lynch intern who died after working 72 hours straight, fitting Bells criticism of Mayo of adjusting man to machine. Thus, this pressing issue should not be over looked and UOB should set up a union to ensure that basic employee welfare is met. Job satisfaction in Singapore banks is of concerned as it is ranked below that of China, Hong Kong and Australia (Siow 2012). Pettijohn et al. (2004) states that with a low job satisfaction, banks would face a high turnover rate and any dissatisfaction is in fact more likely to be attributed to management policies than the employees work environment. UOB could learn from Mayos findings on human relations by actively engaging employees through more company social events which would allow a more informal interaction between managers and workers. Okurame and Balogun (2005) state that such informal mentoring builds quality relationship which alleviates job dissatisfaction and promotes career success which would reap a collective benefit for everyone. A work environment with â€Å"freely choosing individuals† would promote accountability for their commitments (Buono 2002). Therfore, UOB too can profit from Mayos groundbreaking study. Conclusion There are many lessons which Singapores businesses can learn from Mayos Hawthorne Studies about the importance of human relations and managerial supervisory guidance in the work place. Taking into consideration as well, the criticisms by other sociologists who argue the disadvantages of its capitalist, pro-managerial and anti-unionist approach to the studies. However the three business case, SMRT, Bee Cheng Hiang and UOB discussed above shows that no one particular view champions over the other. For SMRT, the importance of application human relations within a union is as important as the establishment of the union. For Bee Cheng Hiang and UOB, unions have to be in place to safeguard employees welfare to prevent exploitation and work fatigue in the work place. Soft skills training and corporate social events can be adopted by Singapore companies to encourage bonding or improve relationships between managers and workers to better cater to the individual needs. Businesses not limiting to Singapore, each have their own individual characteristics, for example level of job skill and work environment. Therefore, a different mixture of both Mayos and his detractors management theories is applicable for each unique type of business in Singapore. References Attorney-Generals Chambers (AGC) 2011, CRIMINAL LAW (TEMPORARY PROVISIONS) ACT, CHAPTER 67, AGC, Singapore, viewed 2nd September 2013, Business School and the Human Relations School. Academy of Management Review’ vol. 24, issue 1, p. 117-131 Barro, Robert J. 1998, ‘THE EAST ASIAN TIGERS HAVE PLENTY TO ROAR ABOUT’, BUSINESS WEEK, 27 April, p. 24 (Economic Viewpoint) Bee Cheng Hiang 2013, Our History, Bee Cheng Hiang, Singapore, viewed 2nd September 2013, Bell, D. 1947a, ‘Book review of The Political Problem of Industrial Civilization, The Journal of Political Economy’ vol. 55, no. 6, p. 587-588 Bell, D. 1947b, ‘Adjusting men to machines’, Commentary, no. 3, New York Bendix, R. Fisher, L. H. 1949, ‘The perspectives of Elton Mayo’ The Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 31, p. 312-319 Buono, Anthony F, 2002, ‘Freedom and Accountability at Work: Applying Philosophical Insight to the Real World’, Personnel Psychology, vol. 55, no. 4, p. 1044-1047 Friedmann, G. 1955, ‘Industrial Society: The Emergence of the Human Problems of Automation’, Free Press, Glencoe, IL Grodzins, M. 1951, ‘Public administration and the science of human relations’, Public Administration Review, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 88-102 Guion, R. M. 1975, ‘The Hawthorne type among others’ Van Nostrand Reinhold Company/ Cass, E. L. Zimmer, F. G. (1975), New York, p. 3-18 Kennedy, C. 1998, ‘Great minds think alike’ vol. 51, issue 10, p. 52 Kimball, D. S. 1946, ‘Book review of The Social Problems of an Industrial Civilization’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, p. 245 Koivisto, W. A. 1953, ‘Value, theory, and fact in industrial sociology’, The American Journal of Sociology, vol. 58, no. 6, p. 564-72 Landsberger, Henry A. 1958 ‘Hawthorne Revisited’ Ithaca: Cornell University Press, New York Lynd, R. S. 1937, ‘Review of Leadership in Free Society’,Political Science Quarterly, vol. 52, no. 4, p. 590-592 Ministry of Manpower (MoMa) 2012, Labour Force in Singapore 2012, MoM, Singapore, viewed 2nd September 2013, Ministry of Manpower (MoMb) 2012, The Employment Act: Who it covers, MoM, Singapore, viewed 2nd September 2013, Naidu M V 2006, ‘GANDHIAN VIEWS ON THE FUNDAMENTALS OF THE INDUSTRIAL STATE’, Sciences: Comprehensive Works, Sociology, Political ScienceInternational Relations, vol. 38, no. 2, p. 3-23 O’Connor, E. S. 1999, ‘The politics of management thought: a case study of the Harvard Pilloff, Steven J 1999, ‘Journal of Financial Services Research’, Insurance, Real Estate, Business And EconomicsBanking And Finance, vol. 15, issue, 3, p. 159-177 Pettijohn, Charles E; Pettijohn, Linda S; Pettijohn, James B 2004, ‘Supermarket branch banks and traditional banks: An evaluation of differences in employees attitudes regarding product offerings, job satisfaction and turnover’, Journal of Financial Services Marketing, vol. 9, issue. 1, p. 11-21 Sarachek, B. 1968, ‘Elton mayo’s social psychology and human relations. Academy of Management Journal’ vol. 11, issue. 2, p. 189-197 Singapore Business Review (SBR) 2013, Nearly 8 in 10 finance employees in Singapore work overtime, SBR, Singapore, viewed 2nd September 2013, Siow L. S. 2012, Banking staff low on bonus and satisfaction, The Business Times, 23rd March, viewed 2nd September 2013, Smith, J. H. 1998, ‘The enduring legacy of Elton Mayo. Human Relations’ vol. 51, issue. 3, p. 221-249 Sonnenfeld, J. A. 1985, ‘Shedding light on the Hawthorne studies. Journal of Occupational Behavior’ vol. 6, issue 2, p. 111-130 Sluiter, J K; de Croon, E M; Meijman, T F; Frings-Dresen, M H W 2003, ‘Need for recovery from work related fatigue and its role in the development and prediction of subjective health complaints’, Medical Sciences, Occupational Health And Safety, June 2003, p. i62-70 The British Library 2013, Elton Mayo, Further research Social Groups, The British Library, United Kingdoms, viewed 25th August 2013, The Straits Times (ST) 2012, SMRT bus drivers protest against pay, ST, Singapore, viewed 2nd September 2013, theguardian 2013, Bank of America reviews long-hours culture after interns death, theguardian, London, viewed 2nd September 2013, Wells, Donald 1993, ‘Are strong unions compatible with the new model of human resource management? ’, Business And EconomicsLabor And Industrial Relations, vol. 48, no. 1, p. 56-85 Wever, Kirsten S 1997, ‘Unions adding value: Addressing market and social failures in the advanced industrialized countries’, International Labour Review, vol. 136, no. 4, p. 449-468

Properties of a Leader free essay sample

A great leader is someone who loves to lead other people and do their best at it. He or she should be an inspiration to their peers while also being able to exceed the expectations of their elders. They must have all the necessary attributes and character traits so he or she can succeed. Among the most necessary leadership character traits are passion and dedication. No matter what goal is trying to be reached a great leader must always be passionate about the goal at hand and understand the importance of the task. A leader is always prepared to stand by for hat he or she believes in no matter what stressful situations stand in their way. A great leader must be open to the opinions of the people being led. In times of urgency they must be able to think outside of the box and see things that others may not. We will write a custom essay sample on Properties of a Leader or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They also must be calm during events of misfortune for the well being of his or her followers. During these times, he or she should be able to talk with their supporters and boost moral. Honesty and responsibility are also among the most meaningful traits of leadership. Through taking responsibility for their actions a leader will gain respect. A leader can only improve by accepting flaws and being true with themselves. A leader must be aware of their strengths and weaknesses, and is always open to constructive criticism so he or she can Improve. More Importantly a leader must not only be honest to himself, but to the followers as well. In conclusion passion, dedication, creativity, openness, honesty, responsibility and humbleness are all parts of what makes a good leader a great leader to his peers, and followers. A leader cannot rely on Innate traits such good looks and height. Becoming a true leader requires knowledge and experience.